Psych 101 Review Sheet for Exam 2

Sections 6 & 8

Know the 3 common prenatal dangers discussed in your book. According to the figure on page 426 (figure 11.4), why would spending more public funds on preventative prenatal care be financially prudent?

Research using the visual cliff apparatus to investigate the development of depth perception, indicates that infants may develop depth perception as young as what age?

When a baby is born what percentage of his/her brain is developed? At what age does the brain reach full maturity?

According to lecture, what major physical changes take place during a) infancy, b) childhood, c) adolescence, d) adulthood.

Know Piaget's theory of cognitive development (know each stage, the sequence, and the characteristics of each stage).

Know Kohlberg's theory of moral development (know each stage, the sequence, and the characteristics of each of the 3 stages as discussed in class). How did Kohlberg go about testing moral development?

What does the term attachment refer to? Is attachment instantaneous? What is the reinforcement view of attachment? What is the contact-comfort view of attachment? Know the Harlow and Harlow monkey study. The results of the monkey study support which view of attachment?

What are the 3 attachment styles? Styles of "parenting" are associated to attachment style in what way?

What seems to be the effect of day care on the attachment process and on youngsters adjustment overall?

During adolescence, the major social/emotional issue most individuals deal with is what? Is adolescence a particularly turbulent time (as indicated by suicide rate).

Describe how aging affects intellectual functioning. What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence? Which is likely to decline with age?

Stress has both an emotional and a physiological component. What is the "fight or flight" response? Why is this response less adaptive than in prehistoric times?

Stress has been associated with a number of negative heath outcomes such as coronary heart disease, ulcers, cancer, depression, and decreased immune functioning.

What is stressful? A) significant life events -- why? b) daily hassles. Both have been linked to negative health outcomes. Research indicates that daily hassles may be a greater producer of stress than S.L.E.

Cognitive Appraisal of stress refers to what? What are the two "steps" in the cognitive appraisal process?

What does "pessimistic explanatory style" refer to? How is it related to stress?

What is a type A personality? What 3 characteristics are typically found among Type A individuals? Which of the 3 characteristics is most strongly associated with coronary heart disease? Type A individuals are how much more likely to experience coronary heart disease? Why are Type A's more likely to experience coronary heart disease?

Stress has been linked to decreases in immune functioning. Know the Virus Study discussed in class.

Stress seems to decrease immune functioning specifically by effecting the number of lymphocytes in the blood. What are lymphocytes?

What is post traumatic stress syndrome?

What are some major ways to reduce stress and/or the negative effects of stress (as discussed in class)?

Personality

Definition: -- An individuals unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits

What is the definition of a cardinal trait? What is a central trait? What is a secondary trait?

What is factor analysis?

What are the 'Big 5' personality characteristics (what many believe represent the major central traits across individuals).

Focus is on the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives, and on the methods people use to cope with sexual and aggressive urges.

Freud believed humans have 3 levels of awareness. What are they? Which one did Freud believe contain the largest amount of information (thoughts, feelings, & memories)?

What is the ID, Superego, and Ego (what Freud referred to as the 3 components of personality). According to Freud, conflicts between these 3 results in anxiety etc. To rid ourselves of this anxiety etc, we often engage in defense mechanisms. Know what defense mechanisms are and each of the 6 defense mechanisms we discussed in class (repression, rationalization, projection, displacement, reaction formation, and sublimation). Why did Freud emphasize the roles of sexual and aggressive impulses?

Psycho-sexual stages are development periods with a characteristic sexual focus that can leave their mark on adult personality. According to Freud, the key is to avoid fixation (which is what?). Know the 5 psycho-sexual stages, what issues occur at each stage, and the sequence in which they occur, and the consequences of fixation at stages 1-3.

What are some major criticisms of Freud?

Who was Jung? Describe his approach that he referred to as "analytic psychology." According to Jung, hat is the collective unconscious?

What is Mazlow's Hierarchy of needs theory? What are the different levels in the hierarchy? Describe each. How might one's standing in his "hierarchy" impact one's personality? Who is Carl Rogers? Describe his concept of personality structure. According to Rogers, what in incongruence? What factors influence congruence?

In brief, what is the Cognitive - Behavioral Perspective of personality? Answer: human experience, and the interpretation of those experiences determine personality and growth, not human nature.

In brief, what is the Biological Perspective of Personality? Answer:  Belief that at least some enduring psychological traits have their origins in genetic predispositions present at birth. Ex extroversion- introversion, a matter of differential arousal.